• Amplification Strategies (page one)
• Argumentation Techniques (page two)
• Balance, Antithesis, and Paradox (below)
• Emotional Appeals (Pathos) (below)
• Metaphorical Substitutions and Puns (below)
• Omission of Words, Phrases, and Clauses (below)
• Repetition of Letters, Syllables, and Sounds (page four)
• Repetition of Words, Phrases, Clauses, and Ideas (page four)

Balance, Antithesis, and Paradox

• antimetabole
  A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the words in reverse grammatical order (A-B-C, C-B-A).

• antithesis
  Juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
• auxesis
  A gradual increase in intensity of meaning with words arranged in ascending order of force or importance.
• chiasmus
  A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
• climax
  Mounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in parallel construction, with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of a series of events or of an experience.
• hypophora
  Raising questions and answering them.
• isocolon
  A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure.
• litotes
  A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
• oxymoron
  A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
• paradox
  A statement that appears to contradict itself.
• polysyndeton
  A style that employs a great many conjunctions.

Emotional Appeals (Pathos)

• antirrhesis
  Rejecting an argument because of its insignificance, error, or wickedness.

• aposiopesis
  An unfinished thought or broken sentence.
• apostrophe
  Rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
• bdelygmia
  A litany of abuse--a series of critical epithets, descriptions, or attributes. A type of invective.
• categoria
  Direct exposure of an adversary's faults.
• ecphonesis
  An exclamation expressing emotion.
• encomium
  Tribute or eulogy in prose or verse glorifying people, objects, ideas, or events.
• epiplexis
  Asking questions to reproach rather than to elicit answers.
• euphemism
  Substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
• meiosis
  To belittle, use a degrading epithet or nickname, often through a trope of one word.
• pathos
  The means of persuasion in classical rhetoric that appeals to the audience's emotions.
• sarcasm
  A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark intended to wound.
• tapinosis
  Undignified language that debases a person or thing. Generally considered a vice, not a self-conscious technique.

Metaphorical Substitutions and Puns

• allegory
  Extending a metaphor through an entire speech or passage so that objects, persons, and actions in the text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text.
• antanaclasis
  (1) One word used in two contrasting (and often comic) senses. (2) Homonymic pun.
• antistasis
  Repetition of a word in a different or a contrary sense.
• antonomasia
  Substitution of a title, epithet, or descriptive phrase for a proper name (or of a personal name for a common name) to designate a member of a group or class.
• catachresis
  An extreme, far-fetched, or mixed metaphor; strained or deliberately paradoxical figure of speech; substitution of an inexact word in place of the correct one.
• euphemism
  Substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
• fable
  Fictional story meant to teach a moral lesson.
• hyperbole
  An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
• irony
  Use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
• meiosis
  To belittle, use a degrading epithet or nickname, often through a trope of one word.
• metaphor
  An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
• metonymy
  A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.
• parable
  A story, usually short and simple, that illustrates a lesson.
• paronomasia
  Punning, playing with words.
• pun
  A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.
• simile
  A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
• synecdoche
  A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it.
• tapinosis
  Undignified language that debases a person or thing. Generally considered a vice, not a self-conscious technique.

Omission of Words, Phrases, and Clauses

• asyndeton
  Omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.
• brachylogy
  A concise or condensed form of expression in speech or writing.
• ellipsis
  Omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader.
• syllepsis
  A kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs.
• zeugma
  Use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.